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فعلا يا حوده
تبقى قلة ذوق لو مفيش اعذار
بس حاول بقى تشوف اي حاجة تذاكر منها بسرعة
سواء منه او من غيره

موقف بايخ طبعا

بس فيه ناس كتير معانا ف الكليه بتتصرف بالطريقة ديه

الواحد المفروض يأما يبعد عنهم او يستحملهم بقى و امره لله

بس المنتدى ماله نايم شويه ليه كده

مع ان الفترة اللي فاتت من الامتحانات كان شغال ما شاء الله

انتى يا دكتورة جاية فى اكبر سؤال وبتسألى

اعتقد انة مش ممكن يجيب السؤال دة على بعضة

ممكن يجيب حتة منة

وعلى العموم دى اجابة السؤال

وفكرتها اننا هنجمع كل ال nucleii اللى فى ال brain stem كلة

يعنى بتاعة

medulla - pons - midbrain

ودى الاجابة على السؤال


A- Cranial nerve nuclei in the medulla oblongata
I- Cranial nerve nuclei (9, 10, 11, 12, & 5, 8)
A- Motor nuclei
1- Nucleus Ambiguus (Motor)
- This nucleus lies in the lateral part of opened medulla.
- Its upper part gives motor fibers to the gIossopharyngeal nerve. Its fibres supply the stylophrangeus muscle
- Its middle part gives motor fibers to the vagus nerve.
- Its lower part gives motor fibers to the cranial accessory nerve.
N.B; The fibres of vagus and accessory supply the muscles of pharynx, larynx and palate.
2- Hypoglossal Nucleus (motor)
- This nucleus lies underlying the hypoglossal trigone in the floor of the fourth ventricle.
- It is the motor nucleus for the muscles of the tongue except palatoglossus muscle (supplied by the pharengeal plexus).
- It emerges as rootlets between the pyramid and olive.

B- Parasympathetic nuclei
1- Inferior salivary nucleus (parasympathetic)
-It lies in the upper most part of open medulla in line with the dorsal nucleus of vagus.
- It gives parasympathetic perganglionic fibers which run in the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve and then with the lesser petrosal nerve to relay in the otic ganglia to supply the parotid gland.
2- Dorsal Nucleus of Vagus (parasympathetic)
- This nucleus lies underlying to the vagal trigone in the floor of the fourth ventricle.
- It is motor to the smooth muscles of the thoracic and abdominal viscera.
- It is also secretomotor parasympathetic fibers to the glands of these viscera.

C- Sensory nuclei
1- Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve (general sensation)
-it lies lateral to the cuneate and accessory cuneate nuclei and continues below with (S.G.R) of spinal cord.
- It receives pain and temperature sensations from the head and face.
2- Solitary Nucleus (taste sensation)
- It lies in the open medulla.
- It receives taste sensation from the tongue and epiglottis through the facial (anterior 2/3 of the toungue), glossopharyngeal (posteior 1/3 of the toungue) and vagus (root of the toungue) nerves.
- It also receives general visceral sensation from the viscera supplied by the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves.
3- Inferior Vestibular Nuclei
- They lie close to the floor of the fourth ventricle underlying the vestibular area.
- It recives fibres of the vestibular organs of the inner ear and connects it to the cerebellum of the same side (vestibulo-cerebellar).

B-- Cranial nerve nuclei of (5, 6, 7, 8) Cranial nerves in the pons

Nuclei of the trigeminal nerve
The trigeminal nuclei are 4 on each side:
1- Motor nucleus; lies at the middle evel of the pons.
- The motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve is the motor nucleus for the muscles of mastication and other muscles developed from the first pharyngeal arch.
2- Main sensory nucleus; lies at the middle level of the pons.
- It receives sensory fibers of crude touch from the face and scalp.
-Axons of its cells cross to the opposite side and ascend in the trigeminal lemniscus to end in the posteromedial ventral nucleus (PMVN) of the thalamus.
3- Spinal nucleus of trigeminal;
- It lies in the middle and lower part of the pons and descends along the whole length of the medulla oblongata to be continuous with the substantia gelatinosa of Rolando (SGR) in the spinal cord.
- It receives pain and temperature sensations from the face and scalp.
-Axons of its cells cross to the opposite side and ascend in the trigeminal lemniscus to end in the posteromedial ventral nucleus (PMVN) of the thalamus.
4- Mescencephalic nucleus:
- It lies in the upper and middle parts of pons and midbrain.
- It is so called because it extends up to the midbrain.
-It recives proprioceptive sensations from the head and face.
-Axons of its cells cross to the opposite side and ascend in the trigeminal lemniscus to end in the posteromedial ventral nucleus (PMVN) of the thalamus.
N.B; - It is an example of unipolar cells.
- It is the only first order neurone that present inside the central nervous system.

2-Abducent Nucleus
- It lies in the lower part of the pons close to the floor of the fourth ventricle underluing the facial colliculus.
- It is encircled by the facial nerve fibers (looping around it) which form a knob like elevation in the floor of the fourth ventricle called facial colliculus.
- The abducent nerve (VI) is the motor nerve for the lateral rectus muscle of the eye ball.
- It emerges the junction between the pons and the pyramid.

3- Facial Nuclei
- It has 3 nuclei;
1- Motor nucleus; It lies in the lower part of the pons.
- its efferent fibers encircle the abducent nucleus to form the facial colliculus then pass anterolaterally to emerge through the groove between the pons and medulla lateral to the abducent nerve
- The facial nucleus receives corticonuclear fibers from the pyramidal tract.
-The upper part of the nucleus receives corticonuclear fibers from both sides.
- The lower part of the nucleus receives fibers from the opposite side only.
- The facial nucleus is the motor nucleus for the muscles of the face and other muscles developed from the second pharyngeal arch.
2- Parasympathetic nuclei lie in the lower part at the level of ponto-medullary junction.
a- Superior Salivary Nucleus;
- It gives preganglionic parasympathetic fibers passes with the chorda tympani and then joins the lingual nerve to relay in the submandibular ganglion to the submanbidular and sublingual glands
b- Special lacrimatory nucleus
- It gives preganglionic parasympathetic fibers passes with the greater petrosal nerve to relay in the sphenopalatine ganglion to the lacrimal, nasal, palatine, buccal, and pharyngeal glands.
3- Solitary nucleus, in the upper part of medulla and lower part of pons. It recives taste sensation froom anterior 2/3 of the tongue.

4- Vestibulo-cochlear nerve
a- Vestibular Nuclei
- These are the superior, medial and lateral nuclei on each side.
-They lie in the lower part of the pons under laying the vestibular trigone in the floor of the 4th ventricle.
- These nuclei together with the inferior vestibular nucleus in the upper part of the medulla are sensory nuclei.
Afferent; - They receive unconscious proprioceptive sensation (equilibrium) from the inner ear via the vestibular nerve.
Efferent;
1- Vestibulo- spinal to the spinal cord.
2- Vestibulo- cerebellar to the cerebellar cortex.
3- Vestibulo-occular to the ocular motor nuclei (oculomotor, trochlear and abducent) through the medial longitudinal bundle of both sides.
b- Cochlear Nuclei
- These are two nuclei (dorsal and ventral) lying dorsal and ventral to the inferior cerebellar peduncle in the lower part of the pons.
Afferent; - They receive hearing impulses from the internal ear through the cochlear nerve.
Efferent; Axons of the cells of the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei mostly cross to the opposite side forming trapezoid body then ascend in the lateral leminiscus.

C- Cranial nerve nuclei of the midbrain

1- Nucleus of occulomotor nerve (motor):
- It lies in the tegmentum of midbrain ventral to the aqueduct of sylvius at the level of the superior colliculus.
- It is formed of 5 s;
a- Motor part for all the extra ocular muscles except lateral rectus and superior oblique
[LR6 (SO4)3].
b- Edinger-westphal nucleus: (Parasympathetic)
- Its preganglionic fibres relay into the ciliary's ganglia and post-ganglionic supply the ciliary muscle and constrictor pupillae muscle.
2- Nucleus of the trochlear nerve (motor):
- It lies in the tegmentum of the midbrain, at the level of the inferior colliculus.
- It supplies the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball.
- It emerges from the dorsal aspect of the midbrain.
3- Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve.
- It receives the proprioceptive sensation from the muscle of mastication.

معلش يا حماعة سؤال بسيط

هو الtympanic cavity مهم

الدكتور ابراهيم لما كان بيشرح قال ده هدية ليكو السنادي

بس مش موجود في الشيت و مجاش قبل كده

ياريت حد يرد بسرعة

يا سلام

هوة دة الكلام اللى مفروض يتقال فى الفترة دى

مية مية يا دكتورة

وادى تقييم

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