الرئيسية
السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
============================================
دى إجابات شيت عملى المايكرو كاملا
وان شاء الله الحل ده هيكون موجود بالمكتبة اليابانية للتصوير
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
شكرا جزيلا لكل من شارك من أعضاء الجروب فى حل الشيت
Mohammad Esam Badran (Sheet 1 & 5)
Ahmed Magdy (Sheet 4 & 9 & 12)
Ahmed Hamdy Yousef (Sheet 8 & 9 & 10)
Mahmoud Elazouny (Sheet 13)
--------------------------------------------------
Hend Rammadan (Sheet 2 & 6 & 7)
Dalia Shemais (Sheet 3)
Shaymaa Ezzat (Sheet 17)
============================================
SHEET 1
1- Floor the spills immediately disinfectant e.g. 5-10% Na hypochlorite. Leave the material undisturbed for 20-30 min then wipe it up and discard the waste
2- puncture proof tin or needle box
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 2
1- patient's name, age, sex, source and time of collection of sample , suspected diagnosis, antimicrobial treatment, the test requested, the referring physician / improperly labeled , dry specimen or (leaking container
2- Amies charcoal / thyoglycolate broth
3- adhesive bag to genital area / suprapupic aspiration, catheterization or tapping
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 3
1- a) Light microscope
b) Fluorescence microscope
c) Dark-ground microscope
e) Electron microscope
2- magnification of eye piece*magnification of the used objective lens
3- as cedar oil has the same RI of the glass slide and lens, it is used to fill intervening space between the object and the oil immersion lens so the rays will not be refracted and will pass into the objective and a bright image is seen
4- Auramine O / U.V. rays
5- the very short wave length of the electron beam
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 4
1- examining unstained bacterial suspension in the living free form
2- simple stains , differential stains & special stains
3- gram negative , gram positive , violet
4- strong carbol-fuchsin / 20% H₂SO4 / methylene blue
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 5
1- liquid, solid and semi-solid
2- blood agar, chocolate agar and Loffler's serum
3- cultivation of enteric bacteria /differentiation between enteric bacteria according to lactose fermentation / autoclave
4- Lowenstein Jensen / malachite green
5- Selective and enriched / Chocolate agar + 3 antibiotics / as chocolate agar / cultivation of Neisseria gonorrhea
6- alkaline (8-9 / vibrio species / give yellow / sucrose / sucrose and thymol blue and bromothymol blue
7- tyndalization
8- peptone water+1% tested sugar as glucose, lactose, maltose, mannite, sucrose in separate tubes +
Andrades indicator + small inverted Durham's tube
* Fig.30, 31, 46, 48, 50, 60
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 6
* plating out
* Fig.64
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 7
1- indole production, H₂S production, gelatin liquefaction
2- skimmed milk / litmus indicator / acidity, alkalinity or no effect
* Fig.72, 73, 74, 75
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 8
1- short sequence of labeled single stranded DNA or RNA / detect the presence of complementary sequence in microbial nucleic acid in clinical specimens or isolated culture
2- a) DNA denaturation, 95
b) primer annealing, 40-60
3) primer extension, 72
3- amplification of RNA
4- a) Diagnosis of infection
b) Diagnosis of cancer
c) Identification of pathogenic species of bacteria
d) Identification of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 9
1- disc diffusion method, tube dilution method, epsilometer test
2- Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (the minimal concentration of antibiotic that inhibits the bacterial growth and shows no visible turbidity in the test tubes)
3- Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (the minimal concentration of antibiotic that can kill bacteria & show no growth after subculturing all tubes showing no visible turbidity
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 10
1- is the killing of all living forms of microbes including large number of highly resistant bacterial spores
2- is the process by which the number of micro-organisms present on living or non-living surface is minimized to a non harmful level to health
3- red heat flaming , hot air oven and incineration
4- under normal atmospheric pressure water boil at 100 C, under higher pressure water boils at higher temperature
5- pasteurization , inspissation and vaccine bath
6- prepacked disposable plastic items
7- seitz filter / membrane filters
8- mechanical methods / chemical indicator / biological indicator
9- radiation sterilizers / endopigment producing serratia marcescenes
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 11
*Fig.100
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 12
1- a) it is specific
b) the observable result of the reaction is largely determined by the physical state of Ag
c) the presence of electrolytes is essential
d) constant amount of Ag is added to dilutions of the serum in tubes of serological tests
2- direct agglutination, comb's test, latex agglutination, coagglutination, virus haemagglutination
3- estimate c-reactive proteins & immunoglobulin
4- direct / indirect
5- a) enumeration of lymphocyte subpopulation
b) tumor cell phenotyping
c) rapid detection & counting of bacteria in pure culture
d) detection of viruses in tissue culture
6- an antigen / plastic cup or microplate
*Fig.105, 106, 110
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 13
1- fluorecent microscopy / flow cytometry FCM
B- lymphoblast transformation / delayed hyper sensitivity skin
3- a) lymphocyte transformation
b) determination of the level of immunoglobulins
c) quantitation of different types of immunoglobulines
d) Actise immunization
4- skin tests / determination of total or specific serum IgE level
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 14
* Fig.127, 128, 129, 132, 137, 138, 140
* Staphylococcal Infections :
- Specimen : pus,blood,faece,vomit,food remnant
1- gram +ve cocci arranged in clusters among pus cells
3- a) pigment production,type of haemolysis on blood agar and fermentation me mannitol
b) show clusters of gram +ve cocci
c) as coagulase,catalase,DNase
4- demonstration of staphylococcal enterotoxin in stool and done remnant by gel diffusion
5- use phage typing
6- antibiotic disc diffusion method
* Streptococcus Pyogenes Infection :
- Specimen : swabs from throat,ear,conjunctiva,blood,sputum,CSF..etc
1- gram +ve cocci arranged in chains among pus cells
2- blood agar
3- a) are first dome-shaped then later develop a central plateau with elevated rim giving the characteristic of Draughtsman appearance
b) show chains or pairs of gram +ve cocci
c) catalase -ve
4- a) Bacitracin sensitivity
b) CAMP test
5- in case of bacteraemia,endocarditis,puerperal sepsis
*Post Streptococcus Pyogenes Infections :
a) C-reactive protein (CRP)
b) Antistreptolysin O (ASO) titre
c) Anti-DNase B antibodies
* Pneumococcal Infection :
- Specimen : sputum,discharge,CSF,blood
1- gram +ve diplococci with unstained halo around it (capsule)
2-for rapid diagnosis of pneumococcal meningitis or pneumonia
3- blood agar
4- a) are first dome-shaped then develop later a central plateau with elevated rim giving the characteristic of Draughtsman appearance
b) show chains or pairs of gram +ve diplococci
c) catalase -ve
5- a) Inulin fermentation
b) Bile solublity/lysis
c) Optochin sensitivity
d) Animal pathogenicity
6- ELISA,agglutination,DNA probes
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 15
* Fig.148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 164, 165, 166
* Complete : from left to right
1- Bacillus
2- Corynebacteria,Listeria,Nocardia
3- Clostridia
4- Actinomyces
* Anthrax :
- Specimen : exudate from skin lesion,sputum,stool,blood
1- gram / McFedyean
2- a) gram +ve large rectangular Bacilli arranged in chains
b) stained in vivo with polychrome methylene blue and in vitro with acid-fast spore stain or malachite green
c) a guinea pig or mouse is injected by portion of culture or pathological sample,it will die with characteristic picture of anthrax
* Diphteria case/carrier :
- Specimen : throat swabs from the membrane
1- loffler's serum / blood tellurite media
2- glucose and maltose / +ve / -ve
3- a) Elek's test
b)Tissue culture test
c) PCR
d) ELISA
e) Animal pathogenicity test
* Clostridium Tetani :
- Specimen : wound exudate or tissue from the wound
1- gram +ve Bacilli,swollen at one end (drumstick appearance), single or short chains
2- in cooked meat broth (CMB)
3- clear zone of haemolysis due to tetanolysin toxin
4- a) stained smear and motility test
b) animal pathogenicity
C) no sugars are fermented (asaccharolytic) , indole is produced , gelatino is slowly liquefied
* Clostridium Perfringens :
- Specimen : exudate from deep tissue of wound or necrotic tissue
1-mixture of gram +ve or gram variable rods with spores and pyogenic cocci and Bacilli
2- (robertson cooked meat,thyoglycate broth) and (two plates of blood agar,one is) incubated (aerobically and the other anaerobically)
3- colonies are surrounded by a zone of complete haemolysis and wider darker zone of incomplete haemolysis
4- a) glucose,lactose,maltose and sucrose with acid and gas production
b) give stormy alot reaction
d) dense opalescent zones of lipid material are deposited around colonies,when organism is grown on plates containing human serum or egg yolk,due to production of lecithinase enzyme
e) intramuscular injection of cooked meat broth culture into guinea pig causes gas gangrene of injected limb and death
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 16
* Tuberculous infections :
- Specimen : sputum,stool,CSF
1- zeihl neelsen / Auramine Rhodamine
2- for sputum and stool, mix the specimen with mixture of N-acetyl-L-cystiene and NaOH solution for 15 min at room temperature then dilute with distilled water then centrifuged
3- Dorset's egg, Lownestien Jensen / Middlebrook broth / radimetric method / fluorescence sensor
4- guinea pig is highly susceptible to experimental infection with both human and bovine types
5- by detecting and amplifying the special sequence of DNA of M.tuberculosis in patient's specimens by PCR
6- it is a delayed hypersensitivity skin test
7- detects latent infection by measuring the amount of gamma-interferon released from the patient's lympocytes after exposure to PSD in cell culture by ELISA
* Fig.174
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 17
* Acute epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis :
- Specimen : CSF, blood, nasopharyngeal swab
I- CSF Examination :
1- it is turbid and under tension
2- the exudate is typically polymorph nuclear leucocytes 2000/cmm
3- the proteins are elevated and glucose is reduced
4- a) gram –ve diplococcic intra and extracellular
b) coaggutination or latex agglutination
c) chocolate agar / MTM
i- gram –ve diplococci
ii- N.meningitidis is oxidase +ve and ferments glucose and maltose with acid production
iii- latex agglutination and fluorescent antibody staining
III- Diagnosis of Carrier : pernasal swab / enriched medium / gram stain, sugar fermentation, serological identification
* Gonorrhea :
IV- Acute male urethritis : presence of gram –ve diplococcic intra and extracellular in the gram-stained smear from urethral discharge
V- Other gonococcal infections :
- Specimen : urethral or cervical discharge, conjunctival swab or synovial fluid
1- stained by gram stains
2- by ELISA or DNA probes
3- chocolate agar / MTM
4- oxidase +ve and glucose fermentation
* Fig.185
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 18
* Anaerobic Vaginosis :
- Clinically : foul smelling thin grey vaginal discharge
- Specimen : cervical or high vaginal swab
1- a) detection of clue cells by gram stain or wet film examination with x40 objective
b) add 10% KOH to vaginal discharge <<< fishy amine odor
2- is 5 or higher
3- blood, serum or starch / blood agar with colistin and nalidixic acid / clearing of starch around the colonies after adding iodine
- Fig.190
* E.Coli infections :
- Specimen : urine, pus, stool and CSF
1- MacConkey's agar / lactose fermenting
a) Wet film shows motile bacilli
b) Gram stained film show gram –ve bacilli
c) Biochemical reactions
2- a) Typed serologically for EPEC and EHEC
b) Detection of toxins by ELISA
c) Detection of virulence genes by PCR
- Fig.197
- BR : Fig.199 : ferment glucose, lactose, maltose, mannite and sucrose fermenter with acid and gas / Indole +ve , MR +ve , VP -ve , citrate utilization –ve
* Klebsiella :
- Specimen : urine, pus, sputum and CSF
1- on MacConkey's agar / pink, large and mucoid (lactose fermenting)
a) Morphology
b) Wet film and gram stained film
c) gram –ve single or diplo bacilli surrounded by unstained halo of the capsule
- Fig.204
- BR : Fig.203 : ferment glucose, lactose, maltose, mannite and sucrose with acid and gas / Indole -ve , MR -ve , VP +ve , citrate utilization +ve , urease +ve
* Klebsiella :
- Specimen : blood , stool, urine and serum
1- 1st week using bile salt broth / MacConkey's agar / DCA
a) Morphology
b) Microscopic (wet film and gram stained film)
c) Biochemical reactions
d) Side agglutination for serotyping
2- 2nd and 3rd week / MacConkey's agar or DCA / tetrathionate or selenite broth / MacConkey's agar / DCA
3- 2nd week and onwards / MacConkey's agar / DCA
4- Widal test
- BR : S.Typhi : Fig.211 : ferment glucose, maltose and mannite with acid only / Indole –ve / TSI agar : yellow and black butt and red slant
S.Para A : Fig.212 : ferment glucose, lactose, maltose, mannite and sucrose fermenter with acid and gas / Indole -ve / TSI agar : yellow butt and red slant with gas
S.Para B : Fig.213 : ferment glucose, lactose, maltose, mannite and sucrose fermenter with acid and gas / Indole -ve / TSI agar : yellow and black butt and red slant with gas
* Plague :
- Specimen : lymph node aspirate, sputum and blood
1- Leishman / Giemsa / bibolarity
2- DFA / ELISA
3- DNA in specimen
4- blood agar
* Cholera :
- Specimen : rice watery stool
1- coma shaped motile organisms
2- TCBS / microscopic by wet mount and gram stain ¸biochemical activities and agglutination with specific anti O1 and anti O139 cholera sera
3- DFA or coagglutination
4- Microscopic examination of stool for characteristic motility of V.cholera which can be immobilized by specific antisera
- Fig.219
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 19
* Anaerobic infections :
1- there is a foul smelling discharge, gas in tissues, the wound is deep lacerated, tissue are necrotic, aerobic cultures are negative
2- a) an appropriate specimen should be obtained, that is one free of normal flora
b) large samples should be obtained from deep sites of the lesions away from atmospheric oxygen
c) specimens should be rapidly transported to the laboratory preferably in a closed syringe
d) specimens must be processed without delay in laboratory
e) media used should be freshly prepared or pre-reduced
3- under UV lights shows brick-red fluorescence in case of P.melaningenica infections
4-the presence of organisms in the absence of growth in aerobic culture, points to the presence of anaerobe
5- two plates of blood agar, one incubated aerobically and the other anaerobically
6- their morphology, biochemical reactions, gas chromatography, serologically , nucleic acid probes
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 20
* Cultural Characters :
1- enriched media like PPLO broth agar / 10% CO₂
2- fried egg appearance
* Fig.237
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 21
* Borrelia :
1- Fig.238
2- Fig.239
* Leptospira :
* Fig.241
1- long thin finely coiled, one or both ends of organism
2- Fontana, Giemsa, silver stain
* Treponema :
1- Non-treponemal antigen tests
a) VRDL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory)
b) RPR (Rapid Plasma Reagin)
c) TRUST (Toludine red unheated serum test)
2- Treponemal antigen tests
a) FTA-ABS (Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption)
b) TPHA (Treponema pallidum haemagglutination)
c) ELISA or western blot
d) IC (Immunochromatographic)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 22
* Fig.245
1- Icosahedral
2- Helical
3- Enveloped Icosahedral
4- Enveloped Helical
5- Complex
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 23
* Fig.246
1- a) Susceptible species or animals (laboratory animals)
b) Embryonated eggs
c) Tissue culture
2- amniotic, allantioc, chorioallantoic, via the yolk sac
3- a) HeLa cell line
b) Vero cell line
c) Hepatoma cell line
4- a) Determination of PH of medium
b) Direct observation of culture for cytopathic changes
c) Determination of viral concentration
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 24
* Fig.259, 260 . 261
* 1- Lytic infection
2- Persistent infection
3- Latent infection
4- Transforming infection
5- Abortive infection
* Table : up to down
1- Rabies
2- Guarnieri
3- Owl eye
4- Cowdry
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 25
* Fig.263, 264, 266 , 267, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275
1- yeast, yeast-like fungi, filamentous fungi, dimorphic fungi
2- mat of interlacing hyphae
3- conidia, blastoconidia, arthoconidia, spherules and endospores, sporangiospore, chlamydospore
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 26
* Fig.276, 277, 278, 281
- Specimen :
a) scraping of skin and nails, nail clipping and hairs plucked
b) swab or exudates from mouth and vaginal lesions
c) CSF, sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, lung biopsy and serum
1- a) Wet amount
b) Positive stain
c) Negative stain
2- wood
3- latex agglutination
4- a) Sabroud's dextrose agar
b) Inhibitory mold agar (Mycosel agar)
c) Brain heart infusion agar
d) Bird seeds agar
e) blood agar with antibiotic
5- a) Colonial morphology
b) Cellular morphology
6- a) - Sugar fermentation : break down of sugars to CO₂ and energy
- using sugar as a source of carbon
- Urease test : Cryptococcus neoformansis is urease +ve
b) germ tube
c) Behavior on cornmeal sugar
7- looking for antibodies in patient's serum and rising titer in systemic mycosis
8- only indicate exposure to the agent
9- rarely used in C.neoformans
============================================
بالتوفيق للجميع ان شاء الله
============================================
دى إجابات شيت عملى المايكرو كاملا
وان شاء الله الحل ده هيكون موجود بالمكتبة اليابانية للتصوير
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
شكرا جزيلا لكل من شارك من أعضاء الجروب فى حل الشيت
Mohammad Esam Badran (Sheet 1 & 5)
Ahmed Magdy (Sheet 4 & 9 & 12)
Ahmed Hamdy Yousef (Sheet 8 & 9 & 10)
Mahmoud Elazouny (Sheet 13)
--------------------------------------------------
Hend Rammadan (Sheet 2 & 6 & 7)
Dalia Shemais (Sheet 3)
Shaymaa Ezzat (Sheet 17)
============================================
SHEET 1
1- Floor the spills immediately disinfectant e.g. 5-10% Na hypochlorite. Leave the material undisturbed for 20-30 min then wipe it up and discard the waste
2- puncture proof tin or needle box
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 2
1- patient's name, age, sex, source and time of collection of sample , suspected diagnosis, antimicrobial treatment, the test requested, the referring physician / improperly labeled , dry specimen or (leaking container
2- Amies charcoal / thyoglycolate broth
3- adhesive bag to genital area / suprapupic aspiration, catheterization or tapping
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 3
1- a) Light microscope
b) Fluorescence microscope
c) Dark-ground microscope
e) Electron microscope
2- magnification of eye piece*magnification of the used objective lens
3- as cedar oil has the same RI of the glass slide and lens, it is used to fill intervening space between the object and the oil immersion lens so the rays will not be refracted and will pass into the objective and a bright image is seen
4- Auramine O / U.V. rays
5- the very short wave length of the electron beam
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 4
1- examining unstained bacterial suspension in the living free form
2- simple stains , differential stains & special stains
3- gram negative , gram positive , violet
4- strong carbol-fuchsin / 20% H₂SO4 / methylene blue
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 5
1- liquid, solid and semi-solid
2- blood agar, chocolate agar and Loffler's serum
3- cultivation of enteric bacteria /differentiation between enteric bacteria according to lactose fermentation / autoclave
4- Lowenstein Jensen / malachite green
5- Selective and enriched / Chocolate agar + 3 antibiotics / as chocolate agar / cultivation of Neisseria gonorrhea
6- alkaline (8-9 / vibrio species / give yellow / sucrose / sucrose and thymol blue and bromothymol blue
7- tyndalization
8- peptone water+1% tested sugar as glucose, lactose, maltose, mannite, sucrose in separate tubes +
Andrades indicator + small inverted Durham's tube
* Fig.30, 31, 46, 48, 50, 60
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 6
* plating out
* Fig.64
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 7
1- indole production, H₂S production, gelatin liquefaction
2- skimmed milk / litmus indicator / acidity, alkalinity or no effect
* Fig.72, 73, 74, 75
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 8
1- short sequence of labeled single stranded DNA or RNA / detect the presence of complementary sequence in microbial nucleic acid in clinical specimens or isolated culture
2- a) DNA denaturation, 95
b) primer annealing, 40-60
3) primer extension, 72
3- amplification of RNA
4- a) Diagnosis of infection
b) Diagnosis of cancer
c) Identification of pathogenic species of bacteria
d) Identification of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 9
1- disc diffusion method, tube dilution method, epsilometer test
2- Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (the minimal concentration of antibiotic that inhibits the bacterial growth and shows no visible turbidity in the test tubes)
3- Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (the minimal concentration of antibiotic that can kill bacteria & show no growth after subculturing all tubes showing no visible turbidity
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 10
1- is the killing of all living forms of microbes including large number of highly resistant bacterial spores
2- is the process by which the number of micro-organisms present on living or non-living surface is minimized to a non harmful level to health
3- red heat flaming , hot air oven and incineration
4- under normal atmospheric pressure water boil at 100 C, under higher pressure water boils at higher temperature
5- pasteurization , inspissation and vaccine bath
6- prepacked disposable plastic items
7- seitz filter / membrane filters
8- mechanical methods / chemical indicator / biological indicator
9- radiation sterilizers / endopigment producing serratia marcescenes
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 11
*Fig.100
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 12
1- a) it is specific
b) the observable result of the reaction is largely determined by the physical state of Ag
c) the presence of electrolytes is essential
d) constant amount of Ag is added to dilutions of the serum in tubes of serological tests
2- direct agglutination, comb's test, latex agglutination, coagglutination, virus haemagglutination
3- estimate c-reactive proteins & immunoglobulin
4- direct / indirect
5- a) enumeration of lymphocyte subpopulation
b) tumor cell phenotyping
c) rapid detection & counting of bacteria in pure culture
d) detection of viruses in tissue culture
6- an antigen / plastic cup or microplate
*Fig.105, 106, 110
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 13
1- fluorecent microscopy / flow cytometry FCM
B- lymphoblast transformation / delayed hyper sensitivity skin
3- a) lymphocyte transformation
b) determination of the level of immunoglobulins
c) quantitation of different types of immunoglobulines
d) Actise immunization
4- skin tests / determination of total or specific serum IgE level
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 14
* Fig.127, 128, 129, 132, 137, 138, 140
* Staphylococcal Infections :
- Specimen : pus,blood,faece,vomit,food remnant
1- gram +ve cocci arranged in clusters among pus cells
3- a) pigment production,type of haemolysis on blood agar and fermentation me mannitol
b) show clusters of gram +ve cocci
c) as coagulase,catalase,DNase
4- demonstration of staphylococcal enterotoxin in stool and done remnant by gel diffusion
5- use phage typing
6- antibiotic disc diffusion method
* Streptococcus Pyogenes Infection :
- Specimen : swabs from throat,ear,conjunctiva,blood,sputum,CSF..etc
1- gram +ve cocci arranged in chains among pus cells
2- blood agar
3- a) are first dome-shaped then later develop a central plateau with elevated rim giving the characteristic of Draughtsman appearance
b) show chains or pairs of gram +ve cocci
c) catalase -ve
4- a) Bacitracin sensitivity
b) CAMP test
5- in case of bacteraemia,endocarditis,puerperal sepsis
*Post Streptococcus Pyogenes Infections :
a) C-reactive protein (CRP)
b) Antistreptolysin O (ASO) titre
c) Anti-DNase B antibodies
* Pneumococcal Infection :
- Specimen : sputum,discharge,CSF,blood
1- gram +ve diplococci with unstained halo around it (capsule)
2-for rapid diagnosis of pneumococcal meningitis or pneumonia
3- blood agar
4- a) are first dome-shaped then develop later a central plateau with elevated rim giving the characteristic of Draughtsman appearance
b) show chains or pairs of gram +ve diplococci
c) catalase -ve
5- a) Inulin fermentation
b) Bile solublity/lysis
c) Optochin sensitivity
d) Animal pathogenicity
6- ELISA,agglutination,DNA probes
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 15
* Fig.148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 164, 165, 166
* Complete : from left to right
1- Bacillus
2- Corynebacteria,Listeria,Nocardia
3- Clostridia
4- Actinomyces
* Anthrax :
- Specimen : exudate from skin lesion,sputum,stool,blood
1- gram / McFedyean
2- a) gram +ve large rectangular Bacilli arranged in chains
b) stained in vivo with polychrome methylene blue and in vitro with acid-fast spore stain or malachite green
c) a guinea pig or mouse is injected by portion of culture or pathological sample,it will die with characteristic picture of anthrax
* Diphteria case/carrier :
- Specimen : throat swabs from the membrane
1- loffler's serum / blood tellurite media
2- glucose and maltose / +ve / -ve
3- a) Elek's test
b)Tissue culture test
c) PCR
d) ELISA
e) Animal pathogenicity test
* Clostridium Tetani :
- Specimen : wound exudate or tissue from the wound
1- gram +ve Bacilli,swollen at one end (drumstick appearance), single or short chains
2- in cooked meat broth (CMB)
3- clear zone of haemolysis due to tetanolysin toxin
4- a) stained smear and motility test
b) animal pathogenicity
C) no sugars are fermented (asaccharolytic) , indole is produced , gelatino is slowly liquefied
* Clostridium Perfringens :
- Specimen : exudate from deep tissue of wound or necrotic tissue
1-mixture of gram +ve or gram variable rods with spores and pyogenic cocci and Bacilli
2- (robertson cooked meat,thyoglycate broth) and (two plates of blood agar,one is) incubated (aerobically and the other anaerobically)
3- colonies are surrounded by a zone of complete haemolysis and wider darker zone of incomplete haemolysis
4- a) glucose,lactose,maltose and sucrose with acid and gas production
b) give stormy alot reaction
d) dense opalescent zones of lipid material are deposited around colonies,when organism is grown on plates containing human serum or egg yolk,due to production of lecithinase enzyme
e) intramuscular injection of cooked meat broth culture into guinea pig causes gas gangrene of injected limb and death
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 16
* Tuberculous infections :
- Specimen : sputum,stool,CSF
1- zeihl neelsen / Auramine Rhodamine
2- for sputum and stool, mix the specimen with mixture of N-acetyl-L-cystiene and NaOH solution for 15 min at room temperature then dilute with distilled water then centrifuged
3- Dorset's egg, Lownestien Jensen / Middlebrook broth / radimetric method / fluorescence sensor
4- guinea pig is highly susceptible to experimental infection with both human and bovine types
5- by detecting and amplifying the special sequence of DNA of M.tuberculosis in patient's specimens by PCR
6- it is a delayed hypersensitivity skin test
7- detects latent infection by measuring the amount of gamma-interferon released from the patient's lympocytes after exposure to PSD in cell culture by ELISA
* Fig.174
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 17
* Acute epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis :
- Specimen : CSF, blood, nasopharyngeal swab
I- CSF Examination :
1- it is turbid and under tension
2- the exudate is typically polymorph nuclear leucocytes 2000/cmm
3- the proteins are elevated and glucose is reduced
4- a) gram –ve diplococcic intra and extracellular
b) coaggutination or latex agglutination
c) chocolate agar / MTM
i- gram –ve diplococci
ii- N.meningitidis is oxidase +ve and ferments glucose and maltose with acid production
iii- latex agglutination and fluorescent antibody staining
III- Diagnosis of Carrier : pernasal swab / enriched medium / gram stain, sugar fermentation, serological identification
* Gonorrhea :
IV- Acute male urethritis : presence of gram –ve diplococcic intra and extracellular in the gram-stained smear from urethral discharge
V- Other gonococcal infections :
- Specimen : urethral or cervical discharge, conjunctival swab or synovial fluid
1- stained by gram stains
2- by ELISA or DNA probes
3- chocolate agar / MTM
4- oxidase +ve and glucose fermentation
* Fig.185
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 18
* Anaerobic Vaginosis :
- Clinically : foul smelling thin grey vaginal discharge
- Specimen : cervical or high vaginal swab
1- a) detection of clue cells by gram stain or wet film examination with x40 objective
b) add 10% KOH to vaginal discharge <<< fishy amine odor
2- is 5 or higher
3- blood, serum or starch / blood agar with colistin and nalidixic acid / clearing of starch around the colonies after adding iodine
- Fig.190
* E.Coli infections :
- Specimen : urine, pus, stool and CSF
1- MacConkey's agar / lactose fermenting
a) Wet film shows motile bacilli
b) Gram stained film show gram –ve bacilli
c) Biochemical reactions
2- a) Typed serologically for EPEC and EHEC
b) Detection of toxins by ELISA
c) Detection of virulence genes by PCR
- Fig.197
- BR : Fig.199 : ferment glucose, lactose, maltose, mannite and sucrose fermenter with acid and gas / Indole +ve , MR +ve , VP -ve , citrate utilization –ve
* Klebsiella :
- Specimen : urine, pus, sputum and CSF
1- on MacConkey's agar / pink, large and mucoid (lactose fermenting)
a) Morphology
b) Wet film and gram stained film
c) gram –ve single or diplo bacilli surrounded by unstained halo of the capsule
- Fig.204
- BR : Fig.203 : ferment glucose, lactose, maltose, mannite and sucrose with acid and gas / Indole -ve , MR -ve , VP +ve , citrate utilization +ve , urease +ve
* Klebsiella :
- Specimen : blood , stool, urine and serum
1- 1st week using bile salt broth / MacConkey's agar / DCA
a) Morphology
b) Microscopic (wet film and gram stained film)
c) Biochemical reactions
d) Side agglutination for serotyping
2- 2nd and 3rd week / MacConkey's agar or DCA / tetrathionate or selenite broth / MacConkey's agar / DCA
3- 2nd week and onwards / MacConkey's agar / DCA
4- Widal test
- BR : S.Typhi : Fig.211 : ferment glucose, maltose and mannite with acid only / Indole –ve / TSI agar : yellow and black butt and red slant
S.Para A : Fig.212 : ferment glucose, lactose, maltose, mannite and sucrose fermenter with acid and gas / Indole -ve / TSI agar : yellow butt and red slant with gas
S.Para B : Fig.213 : ferment glucose, lactose, maltose, mannite and sucrose fermenter with acid and gas / Indole -ve / TSI agar : yellow and black butt and red slant with gas
* Plague :
- Specimen : lymph node aspirate, sputum and blood
1- Leishman / Giemsa / bibolarity
2- DFA / ELISA
3- DNA in specimen
4- blood agar
* Cholera :
- Specimen : rice watery stool
1- coma shaped motile organisms
2- TCBS / microscopic by wet mount and gram stain ¸biochemical activities and agglutination with specific anti O1 and anti O139 cholera sera
3- DFA or coagglutination
4- Microscopic examination of stool for characteristic motility of V.cholera which can be immobilized by specific antisera
- Fig.219
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 19
* Anaerobic infections :
1- there is a foul smelling discharge, gas in tissues, the wound is deep lacerated, tissue are necrotic, aerobic cultures are negative
2- a) an appropriate specimen should be obtained, that is one free of normal flora
b) large samples should be obtained from deep sites of the lesions away from atmospheric oxygen
c) specimens should be rapidly transported to the laboratory preferably in a closed syringe
d) specimens must be processed without delay in laboratory
e) media used should be freshly prepared or pre-reduced
3- under UV lights shows brick-red fluorescence in case of P.melaningenica infections
4-the presence of organisms in the absence of growth in aerobic culture, points to the presence of anaerobe
5- two plates of blood agar, one incubated aerobically and the other anaerobically
6- their morphology, biochemical reactions, gas chromatography, serologically , nucleic acid probes
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 20
* Cultural Characters :
1- enriched media like PPLO broth agar / 10% CO₂
2- fried egg appearance
* Fig.237
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 21
* Borrelia :
1- Fig.238
2- Fig.239
* Leptospira :
* Fig.241
1- long thin finely coiled, one or both ends of organism
2- Fontana, Giemsa, silver stain
* Treponema :
1- Non-treponemal antigen tests
a) VRDL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory)
b) RPR (Rapid Plasma Reagin)
c) TRUST (Toludine red unheated serum test)
2- Treponemal antigen tests
a) FTA-ABS (Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption)
b) TPHA (Treponema pallidum haemagglutination)
c) ELISA or western blot
d) IC (Immunochromatographic)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 22
* Fig.245
1- Icosahedral
2- Helical
3- Enveloped Icosahedral
4- Enveloped Helical
5- Complex
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 23
* Fig.246
1- a) Susceptible species or animals (laboratory animals)
b) Embryonated eggs
c) Tissue culture
2- amniotic, allantioc, chorioallantoic, via the yolk sac
3- a) HeLa cell line
b) Vero cell line
c) Hepatoma cell line
4- a) Determination of PH of medium
b) Direct observation of culture for cytopathic changes
c) Determination of viral concentration
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 24
* Fig.259, 260 . 261
* 1- Lytic infection
2- Persistent infection
3- Latent infection
4- Transforming infection
5- Abortive infection
* Table : up to down
1- Rabies
2- Guarnieri
3- Owl eye
4- Cowdry
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 25
* Fig.263, 264, 266 , 267, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275
1- yeast, yeast-like fungi, filamentous fungi, dimorphic fungi
2- mat of interlacing hyphae
3- conidia, blastoconidia, arthoconidia, spherules and endospores, sporangiospore, chlamydospore
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEET 26
* Fig.276, 277, 278, 281
- Specimen :
a) scraping of skin and nails, nail clipping and hairs plucked
b) swab or exudates from mouth and vaginal lesions
c) CSF, sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, lung biopsy and serum
1- a) Wet amount
b) Positive stain
c) Negative stain
2- wood
3- latex agglutination
4- a) Sabroud's dextrose agar
b) Inhibitory mold agar (Mycosel agar)
c) Brain heart infusion agar
d) Bird seeds agar
e) blood agar with antibiotic
5- a) Colonial morphology
b) Cellular morphology
6- a) - Sugar fermentation : break down of sugars to CO₂ and energy
- using sugar as a source of carbon
- Urease test : Cryptococcus neoformansis is urease +ve
b) germ tube
c) Behavior on cornmeal sugar
7- looking for antibodies in patient's serum and rising titer in systemic mycosis
8- only indicate exposure to the agent
9- rarely used in C.neoformans
============================================
بالتوفيق للجميع ان شاء الله
